Interlanguage Definition and Examples

Interlanguage Definition and Examples Interlanguage is the type of language or linguistic system used by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a target language. Interlanguage pragmatics is the study of the ways non-native speakers acquire, comprehend, and use linguistic patterns or speech acts in a second language. Interlanguage theory is generally credited to Larry Selinker, an American professor of applied linguistics whose article Interlanguage appeared in the January 1972 issue of the journal International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. Examples and Observations [Interlanguage] reflects the learners evolving system of rules, and results from a variety of processes, including the influence of the first language (transfer), contrastive interference from the target language, and the overgeneralization of newly encountered rules. (David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics) Fossilization The process of learning a second language (L2) is characteristically non-linear and fragmentary, marked by a mixed landscape of rapid progression in certain areas but slow movement, incubation, or even permanent stagnation in others. Such a process results in a linguistic system known as interlanguage (Selinker, 1972), which, to varying degrees, approximates that of the target language (TL). In the earliest conception (Corder, 1967; Nemser, 1971; Selinker, 1972), interlanguage is metaphorically a halfway house between the first language (L1) and the TL, hence inter. The L1 is purportedly the source language that provides the initial building materials to be gradually blended with materials taken from the TL, resulting in new forms that are neither in the L1 nor in the TL. This conception, though lacking in sophistication in the view of many contemporary L2 researchers, identifies a defining characteristic of L2 learning, initially known as fossilization (Selinker, 1972) and later on broadly referred to as incompleteness (Schachter, 1988, 1996), relative to the ideal version of a monolingual native speaker. It has been claimed that the notion of fossilization is what spurs the field of second language acquisition (SLA) into existence (Han and Selinker, 2005; Long, 2003). Thus, a fundamental concern in L2 research has been that learners typically stop short of target-like attainment, i.e., the monolingual native speakers competence, in some or all linguistic domains, even in environments where input seems abundant, motivation appears strong, and opportunity for communicative practice is plentiful. (ZhaoHong Han, Interlanguage and Fossilization: Towards an Analytic Model in Contemporary Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning) Universal Grammar A number of researchers pointed out quite early on the need to consider interlanguage grammars in their own right with respect to principles and parameters of U[niversal] G[rammar], arguing that one should not compare L2 learners to native speakers of the L2 but instead consider whether interlanguage grammars are natural language systems (e.g., duPlessis et al., 1987; Finer and Broselow, 1986; Liceras, 1983; Martohardjono and Gair, 1993; Schwartz and Sprouse, 1994; White, 1992b). These authors have shown that L2 learners may arrive at representations which indeed account for the L2 input, though not in the same way as the grammar of a native speaker. The issue, then, is whether the interlanguage representation is a possible grammar, not whether it is identical to the L2 grammar. (Lydia White, On the Nature of Interlanguage Representation in The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition) Psycholinguistics [T]he significance of interlanguage theory lies in the fact that it is the first attempt to take into account the possibility of learner conscious attempts to control their learning. It was this view that initiated an expansion of research into psychological processes in interlanguage development whose aim was to determine what learners do in order to help facilitate their own learning, i.e., which learning strategies they employ (Griffiths Parr, 2001). It seems, however, that the research of Selinkers learning strategies, with the exception of transfer, has not been taken up by other researchers. (ViÃ… ¡nja PaviÄ ić TakaÄ , Vocabulary Learning Strategies and Foreign Language Acquisition)

Distinction Between Murder and Execution essays

Distinction Between Murder and Execution essays Distinction between Murder and Execution I understand that there is a distinction between murder and state controlled execution, but I don't think that applies to the morality of both acts of murder and state controlled execution. Both have the same effect, the termination of life without consent. Although voluntary suicide for a prisoner on death row is much different because this is when somebody want their life taken from them, and this is when and individual is making a choice, which I don't believe a murderer should be given. Rather than randomly executing murderers or giving them the choice to die, I believe it would serve society better to try and eliminate the causes instead of reacting to crime itself? Two wrongs don't make a wright, and I believe that if society wants the murder rate to decrease, taking this route will produce more results than the death penalty. I believe Murder is wrong and there should be no exceptions. For example kidnapping and an arrest, some will say what's the difference, well both are taking someone somewhere against their will. I could be wrong but I think that people will say one is Wright and one is wrong. Back to murder and execution, like I said in the first paragraph, wouldn't it be better to try and eliminate the cause (murder) rather than reacting to crime itself? A personal view of mine is that man's nature is essentially bad. I'm not saying every man is bad or every man is good, as we are still part of the animal kingdom. Therefor like in the animal Kingdome I believe man's primitive urge is to survive, it seems like some people with psychological problems find logic in killing another person? I don't know much about the government? But it seems like throughout time laws have been designed as a reaction to mans actions. One of the things I believe about our society is that murder will always be here and the only way to suppress it is to make people think about the ...

Develop a marketing plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Develop a marketing plan - Assignment Example The company also expects to reach more consumers as well as tremendously diverse ideas via social media. Going online is a part of their mission to shift from traditional marketing into digital realm. Nike is American multinational organization that was started in 1957 by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. The company designs, develops, manufactures, marketing and sells goods and services such as footwear, equipment, apparel and accessories all over the world. Twenty years down the line, Nike has joined the top companies in the footwear market. This was not as a result on TV advertisement but from positive appraisals by athletes they sponsor (Cendrowski, n.pg). For instance, the company made approximately 919.80 million dollars after Olympic players was seen wearing Nike in 1984 Olympics. The company’s mission is to innovate and inspire athletes in the world every day. Besides maximizing its profits the company also focuses on establishing environments that offer a platform for consumers to contribute into the company. Moreover, the company wants to build strong emotional ties with its consumers. The company’s target market is an active online 17-year-old user who is likely to spend 20% more to buy shoes in comparison to his adult counterparts. This is based on the fact that a significant population of young men has given up television to online communities. The company also targets over 5 million runners and other athletes to use their digital devices in determining their performance (Cendrowski, n.pg). Product strategy: currently Nike offers several apparel, equipment and accessories online such as the Nike+ running sensor, a performance-tracking tool. Nike+ running sensor has enabled over 5 million runners to check their performances. The company plans to include its new sport device, fuel band, which is able to track the energy output of its users (Cendrowski, n.pg). Price strategy: the current prices are either influenced by